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Three Cycles

What IT Consulting Delivers — and What It Does Not

Two specialists sketch the target architecture of an application landscape on a glass wall

A company’s IT does not operate on a single cycle, but on three—and a large portion of costly missteps arise because a question is answered in the wrong context. Operations run on a daily cycle: disruptions, changes, approvals, availability. The application landscape operates on a yearly cycle: What is introduced today shapes processes and data models over a period during which the business and organization undergo multiple changes. The contractual side operates on terms: notice periods, maintenance expiration dates, and price adjustment clauses determine when a decision is even possible. An IT consulting firm first categorizes a question into the correct timeframe—and only then answers it using the methods appropriate for that context.

It distinguishes day-to-day annoyances from architectural issues. A pile of support tickets can be an operational issue—misaligned responsibilities, missing standards in the change process—or a symptom of an application that handles too many special cases. Both feel identical in day-to-day operations but require different solutions: one takes weeks to resolve, the other requires an investment budget.

It makes the application landscape decision-ready. Before any decision to replace or modernize an application, there is the unspectacular work: Which applications exist, who uses them, what data is stored where, and which interfaces are connected to which. Without this overview, projects are prioritized based on noise rather than impact.

It takes the contractual aspects into account. Maintenance expiration dates, remaining contract terms, license metrics, and notice periods all play a role in determining what sequence of actions is even possible. A technically sound plan that misses a time window is more expensive than a technically second-best plan that hits the mark.

Where IT consulting ends. It replaces neither operations nor development: those who operate systems or build software do a different kind of work. Nor does it relieve management of the question of how much standardization the company can tolerate—that is a business decision. And it does not replace governance: If no one is designated to take long-term responsibility for architecture and sourcing decisions, every outcome will only hold until the next special case arises.

Trigger Points

When External IT Consulting Is Worth the Effort

External support isn’t always the right answer. When the target state is clear, your own team has the capacity, and a similar project has been successfully completed before, the internal approach is both faster and more cost-effective. Experience shows that the outcome is different in the following situations—not because the company lacks in-house knowledge of its own IT, but because this exact type of decision is rarely made there and therefore no routine can develop.

1. An End-of-Maintenance Date Is on the Calendar

  • The vendor has announced the end of support for a core application, and our company has never had to make such a transition before.
  • The date has been set, but the decision-making process leading up to it has not—and the later it begins, the fewer options remain.

2. The Application Landscape Has Grown, Not Been Built

  • Over the years, systems were added, interfaces were retrofitted, and documentation was rarely created.
  • No one can say with any certainty which system contains which data—and so every system replacement is like flying blind.

3. A Service Provider Contract Is Expiring

  • Operations, support, or development are outsourced, and the extension of the contract is up for consideration.
  • Without a solid comparison of performance, price, and vendor lock-in, the existing contract is simply renewed because that’s the easiest option.

4. IT Costs Are Rising and No One Can Explain Why

  • The budget is growing faster than the business, and the allocation to applications or functional areas is unclear.
  • As long as costs cannot be traced back to specific applications and contracts, it is impossible to determine where cuts can be made.

5. The IT Organization No Longer Fits Its Remit

  • Roles are historically assigned, decision-making involves too many loops, and functional areas make purchases without consulting IT.
  • This is rarely a personnel issue and almost always a problem of structure and scope of authority.

6. A Project Has Been Postponed for the Second Time

  • The business case is in place, but the launch keeps getting delayed—usually due to a lack of capacity among those closest to the decision-making process.
  • Anyone expected to handle the implementation alongside their day-to-day business will, when in doubt, prioritize their day-to-day business. And rightly so.

Do any of these points sound familiar to you as your starting point? Twenty minutes is all it takes to assess your starting point: to determine the frequency of the issue, what needs to be reliably measured first, and whether outside support is even necessary.

Topic Areas

The Topic Areas of IT Consulting at a Glance

A field can be staffed individually or in combination with others—depending on the stage of a project. In practice, the process usually begins with a baseline assessment and the target architecture; sourcing, organization, and operations follow as the sequence of steps dictates.

IT Strategy and Target Architecture

A target state for the system landscape against which individual decisions can be evaluated: what capabilities IT must support, which systems fulfill those needs, where data is stored, and which interfaces will be intentionally retained. Vendor-neutral—we do not sell licenses and do not pay partner commissions. This includes determining when it is better to upgrade a system rather than replace it.

Application and ERP Landscape

A baseline assessment of applications, including usage, costs, dependencies, and expiration dates—the foundation of any consolidation. Building on this, an evaluation of ERP and core system decisions: standard versus customization, replacement versus modernization, a one-time cut versus phased implementation — evaluated based on process coverage, data quality, and operational costs, not on feature lists.

Legacy Modernization

For applications that are business-critical yet no one wants to touch anymore: assess their status and risk, encapsulate interfaces, and gradually decouple functions. The question is rarely whether to decouple them, but rather in what order. The decision is based on the risk of failure, the time required for changes, and the maintenance effort.

IT Sourcing and Provider Management

Which services should be handled in-house, which should be outsourced to a service provider, and how can the results be verified? This includes performance metrics, the comparability of proposals, handover criteria, and a management system that focuses on results. Without a clearly defined management role within the organization, a contract turns into a dependency.

IT Organization and Governance

Scope of roles, decision-making processes, and committees: who is responsible for architecture, who prioritizes needs, and who decides on exceptions. This includes standards that can be applied in everyday practice and an approach to exceptions that makes them visible rather than prohibiting them.

IT Operations and Service Management

Stability as a result of processes, not individuals: incident and change management procedures, service levels tailored to the business, and accountability for operational handoffs. This includes the operational model of the platforms on which applications run—from in-house data centers to outsourced cloud operations. Performance is measured by availability, recovery time, and the percentage of recurring outages.

We can determine which of these areas applies to you first during a conversation. Describe your starting point and the decision you need to make—you’ll receive an assessment, not a sales pitch.

Ways of Working

Four Ways of Working That Prove Themselves in IT Projects

The outcome is often determined less by the depth of expertise than by the nature of the collaboration: how much external capacity is involved, what the mandate is, and over what time period. Our network covers four forms of collaboration, and switching between them over the course of a project is the rule rather than the exception. The same framework applies to all four: a designated internal point of contact, written objectives established before the start, and an agreed-upon handoff point.

Second Opinion
Review of an Upcoming Decision

An experienced person reviews a specific proposal: a system selection, a service provider’s quote, an architectural design, or a project that has stalled. The effort involved is minimal, and the main benefit is that someone who isn’t personally invested in the outcome can offer a different perspective.

Target State
Architecture and Sourcing Concept

Baseline assessment, target architecture, sequence of steps, and effort estimation as a completed work package. The end result is a decision proposal that holds up even if the budget is cut—because the initial steps deliver value on their own.

Delivery Team
Staffing Along the Project

Two or three experts join your own people in one team, under internal technical lead. The mix shifts as the project moves on: architecture and data model first, then integration, testing and the handover into operations. The knowledge stays in the house because it is built there.

Mandate
Interim IT Leadership

An external person takes responsibility and decision-making authority — during a vacancy, in an exceptional situation, or where a project needs an authority that is not tied to internal interests. The point of handover is agreed at the start, not settled at the end.

Industry Rhythm

IT Consulting by Industry: What Shapes the System Landscape

The need for IT consulting exists everywhere, but the driving force varies by industry. In some cases, production control sets the pace; in others, it’s the obligation to provide documentation to a regulatory body; and in still others, it’s the number of locations an application must support. These differences lie not in the technology, but in processes, data models, and roles—those who only learn about them once the project has begun will pay the price over its lifetime.

That’s why we conduct project staffing based on industry experience rather than availability: with experts who understand the typical system landscapes, the regulatory frameworks against which decisions are measured, and the pitfalls where similar projects have failed. This is based on a network of 25 specialized functional areas, in which the IT-related functional areas alone maintain around 90 role profiles. We regularly work in the following industries—each tile describes what characterizes the landscape there and the criteria by which a project is evaluated.

Manufacturing environment with networked equipment and production data displayed on a single screen

Industry & Mechanical Engineering

Analysis of product and pricing data across multiple sales channels on a data wall

Retail & Consumer Goods

Workplaces at a financial services provider working with audit-proof applications

Banking & Insurance

Dispatch and warehouse processes brought together on a digital board

Logistics & Transport

Healthcare professionals work with a digital assistance system

Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals

Control center of a utility company displaying grid and facility data

Energy & Utilities

Manufacturing environment with networked equipment and production data displayed on a single screen

Industry & Mechanical Engineering

Analysis of product and pricing data across multiple sales channels on a data wall

Retail & Consumer Goods

Workplaces at a financial services provider working with audit-proof applications

Banking & Insurance

Dispatch and warehouse processes brought together on a digital board

Logistics & Transport

Healthcare professionals work with a digital assistance system

Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals

Control center of a utility company displaying grid and facility data

Energy & Utilities

Engagement Types

Four Engagement Types — and How They Are Measured

What is actually commissioned in IT projects falls into four groups. Every one of them has a recognisable starting position, a sequence of steps that has held up in practice, and a target figure that is fixed before the start and measured while the work runs — not estimated afterwards.

Replace or Modernize a Core System

Starting point: A core system that has been customized over the years, with modifications that no one can fully track anymore, and an end-of-support date that is fast approaching. The following approach has proven effective: first, streamline processes and master data; then define the target state and select the system; and finally, migrate in phases. Success is measured by the turnaround time of the core processes after the go-live—and by how many custom solutions have emerged again.

Carve Out a Legacy Application

Starting point: An application that is business-critical, but making changes to it is taking longer and longer and becoming increasingly risky. The approach involves assessing the system’s current state and dependencies, encapsulating it from external systems, and gradually migrating individual functions. Progress is measured by the time required to implement a change in production, the risk of downtime, and the percentage of functions already running outside the legacy system.

Reorganize Service Providers

Starting point: An expiring contract for operations, support, or development, often with a scope of services that has expanded over time and unclear handover procedures. First, the scope of services is defined; then, proposals are made comparable; and finally, handover and exit criteria are agreed upon. Performance is measured based on the fulfillment of service levels, the cost per unit of service, and how long a transition would take in an emergency.

Make IT Costs Accountable

Starting point: A budget that is growing faster than the business, without the ability to attribute the increase to specific applications, contracts, or functional areas. The solution involves allocating costs to applications and contracts, identifying duplicates and unused licenses, and deciding which systems to keep running intentionally. Performance is measured by costs per application and the portion of the budget that is committed without a specific decision.

Role Profiles

Which IT Profiles Staff These Projects

The scope of a project determines the staffing requirements—an architectural assessment requires a different profile than contract negotiations or a business transfer, and the needs shift with each phase. The following profiles are particularly in demand for IT projects; they represent a selection, and numerous other IT roles can be found on the category pages. The job description, typical assignments, and daily rate range are listed on each profile’s role page.

How an IT Project Moves From Assessment Into Operations

How wide and how long each stage runs depends on the size and the terrain; the order does not. First take stock, then decide, then build, then hand over. No stage is skipped, and one is shortened only where solid preliminary work carries it.

Baseline assessment of the system landscape in consultation with the functional area and IT

1. Take Stock

Applications, interfaces, contracts, costs, and responsibilities are documented—based on what is actually in operation, not on the documentation.
Discussions with the functional area, operations, and purchasing reveal workarounds and hidden dependencies that aren't listed in any system documentation.
The result is a comprehensive overview of the starting point, including identified bottlenecks and deadlines.
Target architecture of a system landscape shown as a spatial model

2. Target State and Architecture

What capabilities IT must cover, what systems support them, and what data is stored where.
Interfaces, data flows, and a realistic assessment of the effort and risks associated with each option—including the option to make no changes.
Evaluated independently of manufacturers, with no interest in licensing and no partner commissions.
Effort, benefit and risk of an IT decision weighed up at the desk

3. Decision Proposal

Effort, benefits, risk, and timeframes for each project, openly documented and prioritized.
The terms of the contract are taken into account: remaining terms, notice periods, and maintenance expiration dates all help determine what is possible and when.
Postponed projects are identified, not concealed—that, too, is a decision.
A mixed team working on the delivery of an IT project

4. Delivery in Stages

Staffing follows the project: architecture and data model first, then integration, testing and preparation for operations.
A phased rollout based on milestones rather than a single major change—each wave delivers verifiable benefits.
Internal employees work as part of the same team so that knowledge is developed right where it will be needed later.
Preparing for the handover of operations to the service desk and the functional area

5. Prepare Operations

Procedures for handling malfunctions, changes, and approvals are established before a system goes live.
Service levels are based on what the business actually needs—not on what can be measured technically.
Who decides inside the company is settled before go-live, not afterwards.
Closing meeting for the handover of an IT project into operations

6. Measure Results and Hand Over

A few clearly measurable metrics that are defined at the outset: availability, change duration, cost per application, and lead time in the core process.
Adjustments are made based on measured values, not on status slides.
The handover point is agreed upon at the outset: Ultimately, the organization continues to operate without external support.
Cost Framework

What Does IT Consulting Cost? Daily Rates and Budget Ranges

Two factors determine the budget for an IT project: the daily rate and the number of days. The second is the larger factor—but it is planned for less often. Billing through our network is based on the daily rate, with no project flat fee and no performance-based components.

Factors that influence the rate. First, the seniority and decision-making authority of the role: A person who owns a target architecture, or who defends a project in front of the management board, sits higher than one who only supplies input. Then there’s the technology stack—experience in a widely used environment is more readily available than experience with a rare legacy platform, and scarcity directly affects the price. Then there’s the industry: Environments with certification or regulatory approval requirements demand additional experience and narrow the pool of candidates. The extent of remote work cuts both ways—architecture, analysis, and conceptual work can largely be done from anywhere, opening up the pool of potential profiles beyond one’s own region, while operational handoffs, plants, and sites require on-site presence. Finally, project duration and availability: A twelve-month assignment costs less per day than a short-term assignment requiring the same amount of training, and last-minute staffing costs more than planned staffing.

The ranges of our current roster, as published on the role pages. For service management and operational responsibility, €750 to €1,300 per day (Freelance ITIL Consultant, Interim IT Service Delivery Manager). For demand, portfolio and provider management, €750 to €1,200 (Freelance IT Demand Manager, Freelance IT Portfolio Manager, Freelance IT Outsourcing Manager). For governance and target state, €750 to €1,450 (Freelance IT Governance Consultant, Freelance IT Consultant). For architecture and the application landscape, €750 to €1,650 (Freelance Solution Architect, Freelance Legacy Modernization Consultant, Freelance SAP Architect). Each figure represents a range and not a fixed price; the rate for a specific assignment is agreed upon before the engagement begins.

Budget in stages rather than as a lump sum. Each phase ends with a decision—which may even be “no further”: the baseline assessment with a robust prioritization, the decision-making proposal with a choice made, the first implementation phase with a measurable target, and the handover with operations running without external support. If you approve everything as a single lump sum, you lose the very opportunities where it would still be cost-effective to halt the project.

The difference between this and hiring an IT services provider or a large consulting firm lies less in the rate and more in what you’re purchasing. An IT services provider delivers services along with its own tools and, in part, derives its revenue from what it implements and operates; a large consulting firm provides a team along with methodology, quality assurance, and the infrastructure behind it. Here, you take on a role within your own organization. This requires that technical leadership remain in-house and ensures that the expertise stays where decisions will ultimately be made. License, platform, and operating costs for the systems used are not included in the daily rate; they depend on your architecture, not on the staffing involved.

Which staffing a project needs follows from its cut: an architecture review calls for a different profile than a contract negotiation or a handover into operations. The full overview sits under IT Service Management — among them ITSM Process Consultants, IT Change Managers and IT Release Managers. For applications and architecture, SAP & Enterprise Systems and Software Engineering & Architecture add to it; for infrastructure and operating models Cloud, Infrastructure & DevOps; and for everything data-related Data Engineering & Data Science.

Time Pressure

The Timing of an IT Decision Is Rarely Freely Chosen

3

cycles determine when an IT decision is possible at all: operations in days, the application landscape in years, contracts and licences in terms.

90

IT-related role profiles sit in five functional areas — from IT service management through SAP and cloud to software engineering and data.
Functional Areas in the Network

€750–1,650

is the range of daily rates published on our role pages for IT profiles, depending on proximity to the decision, technology stack and industry.
Example: Freelance IT Consultant
Questions and Answers

Frequently Asked Questions About IT Consulting

IT consulting aligns a company’s information technology with its purpose: It clarifies which capabilities the IT must support, which systems and service providers are responsible for them, how the IT landscape is operated, and who is responsible for which decisions. This includes conducting a baseline assessment, defining the target architecture, evaluating applications and contracts, setting the IT organization's scope, and preparing for operations. It differs from mere implementation in that it begins by addressing the broader strategic question—rather than focusing solely on the specific systems—and then answers the question of how to sustain the results over the long term.
A systems integrator or IT service provider delivers services: It implements, operates, supplies hardware, or provides capacity. Its business depends on what it deploys and supports. An IT consulting firm has no vested interest in specific products or operations and can therefore conclude that a system should remain as is, a project should be postponed, or an existing contract should be restructured. In practice, the two work together: The consulting firm clarifies the target state, sequence, and scope of services, while the service provider delivers. It is crucial that the same party does not both make the recommendation and handle its implementation.
An IT strategy outlines the capabilities that IT must provide in the coming years and what the landscape should look like to support them. This includes a target state for applications and data, policy decisions regarding off-the-shelf solutions versus in-house development, a sourcing strategy, the scope of the IT organization including decision-making processes, a prioritized list of projects with associated costs and benefits, and a budget range. What does not belong in it is a product list: as soon as a strategy is reduced to a list of vendor names, it becomes a procurement list. It only becomes useful when individual decisions can be measured against it.
Focus on shared objectives and priorities, not on rounds of coordination. In practice, this means: Determine from the business projects which capabilities IT needs to support them, and assess for each planned investment which of these projects it contributes to. Investments without a specific allocation are either operational necessities—in which case they should be labeled as such—or dispensable. The second part is organizational: As long as functional areas make purchases without involving internal IT, the IT landscape will consist of individual decisions.
Rarely due to technical issues. Common causes include: a baseline assessment based on documentation rather than actual operations; too many parallel projects competing for the same few experts; a lack of decision-making authority, causing issues to remain unresolved for weeks; a target state that was never translated into a binding sequence of steps; and the handover of operations, during which responsibility shifts without anyone assuming it. Added to this is the contractual side: Anyone who fails to factor in remaining contract terms and maintenance expiration dates will miss time windows that cannot be rescheduled.
Arguments in favor of a change include situations where the manufacturer has discontinued support, where key business processes can no longer be supported by the existing system, or where the cost of customizations exceeds the benefits. Modernization is the better option if the core process coverage is sound and the problems stem from data quality, interfaces, or custom solutions—otherwise, these issues would carry over if you switched systems. A reliable answer can only be determined after conducting a baseline assessment: Which customizations are still in use, and which processes are actually running in the system? A migration that carries over an unstreamlined set of processes will recreate the same landscape on a new foundation.
The fee is calculated based on the daily rate and the number of days. The ranges listed on our role pages for IT profiles range from €750 for implementation and service roles to €1,650 for architecture and governance roles. The scope depends on the specific requirements: A second opinion on an upcoming decision costs a fraction of what a guided transition involving multiple phases costs. It therefore makes sense to budget in phases and ensure that each phase concludes with a decision. Not included in the fee are license, platform, and operating costs, as well as internal expenses for testing and acceptance, which do not generate an invoice but tie up capacity.
The ranges on our role pages are between €750 and €1,650 per day. Service management and operations roles range from €750 to €1,300; demand, portfolio, and service provider management roles range from €750 to €1,200; governance and vision roles between €750 and €1,450, and architecture and application roles between €750 and €1,650. Where a profile falls within its range is determined by seniority, proximity to decision-making, technology stack, industry, percentage of remote work, project duration, and availability. The same role can be staffed as a contractor or as a managed position—with several hundred euros per day separating the two.
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